Millions of
people throughout the world suffer from neurodegenerative diseases. Nerve
cells in the brain and peripheral nervous system lose function over time and
eventually die in neurodegenerative
conditions. Although
therapies may alleviate some of the physical or mental symptoms associated with
neurodegenerative disorders, there are presently no known cures or ways to
decrease disease development. The risk of developing a neurodegenerative
disease rises considerably as one gets older. This predicament necessitates a
greater understanding of what causes neurodegenerative disorders and the
development of innovative treatment and preventative strategies.
Chronic
stress is
known to cause an imbalanced stress response, which can lead to the development
of neuro degenerative disorders like Alzheimer's (AD). Epidemiological research
demonstrates that long-term exposure to stress, whether from daily life,
profession, trauma, or other life events, increases the incidence of dementia
disorders like Alzheimer's disease.
The central and peripheral nervous systems are
affected by neurological
disordersNeurological Disorders and Stroke. Stroke is one of the leading causes of
disability worldwide, but its brain impact has gone unnoticed since it is
classed as a cardiovascular disease by the WHO. Stroke has been classified as a
neurological disorder in the most recent revision of the WHO International
Classification of Diseases (ICD-11).
Clinical neurophysiology is
a branch of medicine that analyses the central and peripheral neural systems by
observing bioelectrical activity, both spontaneous and induced. It includes
pathophysiology research as well as clinical strategies for diagnosing
disorders affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems. In the
discipline of clinical neurophysiology, tests aren't restricted to those
performed in a lab. It is regarded as a follow-up to a neurology consultation.
Stroke is the third largest cause of death and the most common cause of
acquired neurologic disability. ExcitotoxicityClinical Neurophysiology starts
a series of processes that contribute to tissue death during ischemic stroke,
very soon after the onset of the localized perfusion deficit. It is usual in
daily clinical practice to be asked to establish a stroke prognosis soon after
the index event.
Alzheimer's
disease is a progressive brain disease that takes
a toll on memory and thinking skills, as well as the capacity to carry out even
the most basic tasks. Symptoms of Alzheimer's disease usually show later in
life in most persons. Experts estimate that more than 6 million Americans, the
majority of whom are 65 or older, may have dementia caused by Alzheimer's
disease. Alzheimer's disease is now the sixth biggest cause of mortality in the
United States, but new estimates suggest it may be in third place, just after
heart disease and cancer, as a cause of death among the elderly. Parkinson's
disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative
conditionAlzheimer’s Dementia and Parkinsons Diseases that primarily affects dopamine-producing
("dopaminergic") neurons in the substantia nigra region of the brain.
Symptoms usually appear gradually over time. Because of the variability of the
condition, the course of symptoms varies from one person to the next. The cause
is still a mystery. Although there is no cure, there are a variety of treatment
options available, including drugs and surgery.
Neuroimmunology is
a field that combines neurology (the study of the neurological system) and
immunology (the study of the immune system) into one discipline.
Neuroimmunologists study the interplay between these two complex systems
throughout development, homeostasis, and injury response. One of the long-term
goals of this rapidly growing research area is to improve our understanding of
the pathology of some neurological diseases, some of which have no known cause.
As a result, neuroimmunology aids in the development of new pharmacological
treatments for a variety of neurological
disorders.Neurological
infections Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections are a broad category that includes a wide range
of conditions that penetrate and damage the nervous system.
Any injury to the brain, skull, or scalp is
taken into account a head injury. A traumatic
brain injuryBrain Injury and Behavioural Neuroscience can range from a minor bump or bruise to a
severe head injury. A traumatic brain injury can range from a minor bump or
bruise to a severe head injury. Concussions, skull fractures, and scalp wounds
are all common head injuries. Depending on what caused your head injury and how
severe it is, the implications and treatments differ dramatically. Traumatic
brain injury (TBI) is a nondegenerative, noncongenitally lesion to the brain
caused by an external mechanical force, which can result in permanent or temporary
impairment of cognitive, physical, and psychosocial functions, as well as a
lowered or changed level of consciousness.
Neurosurgery (also known as neurological surgery) is a branch of medicine that
focuses on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of ailments of the spine,
brain, and nervous system. The surgical specialty of neurosurgery tackles
diseases and abnormalities of the brain and spinal cord. Because of nerve root
dysfunction, back pain can cause neurological
symptoms such as numbness, muscle weakness, and loss of
bowel and bladder control. These symptoms indicate that, rather than
conservative therapies, neurosurgery is required to treat the underlying cause
of back pain. Discectomy, laminectomy, and spinal fusion surgery are all neurosurgical procedures used to relieve back pain. There is a larger chance of additional
nerve injury and infection in neurosurgery, which can lead to paralysis.
The study of how the brain enables the mind is
known as cognitive
neuroscience. Brain
science is the study of how individual neurons
work together to build the complex neural
structures that make up the human brain. Cognitive science
employs cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence technologies to
develop and evaluate models of higher-level cognition like thought and
language. This is where cognitive neuroscience comes in. It connects
higher-level cognitive activities to well-known brain structures andCognitive Neuroscience and Psychology neuronal
processing mechanisms.
The study of how medications impact cellular
function in the nervous system, as well as the neurological mechanisms by which
they influence behavior, is known as neuropharmacology. Behavioral and
molecular neuropharmacology are the two primary disciplines of
neuropharmacology. The study of how drugs affect human behavior
(neuropsychopharmacology) is a focus of behavioral neuropharmacology, as is the
research of how drug dependency and addiction affect the human brain. The study
of neurons and their neurochemical interactions is known as molecular
neuropharmacology, and it aims to discover medications that improve
neurological function. Neurochemistry is the study of chemicals that
control and influence the physiology of the nervous system, such as neurotransmittersNeuropharmacology and Neurochemistry and
other compounds like psychopharmaceuticals and neuropeptides. Neurochemicals
influence the function of neurons, synapses, and neural networks, according to
this branch of neuroscience.
Psychiatry in older adults, who are traditionally described as those who are above the age
of 65. Geriatric psychiatry focuses on the biology and psychological elements
of normal ageing, the mental consequences of acute and chronic physical
illness, and the biological and psychosocial aspects of the pathology of
primary psychiatric problems in older people. Geriatric psychiatrists work to
prevent, evaluate, diagnose, and treat mental and emotional illnesses in the
elderly, as well as to enhance psychiatric care for both healthy and unwell
senior patients.
The
goal of public health
medicine is to improve and protect the health of the entire
population. Physicians who practise public health have specialised
understanding in health protection, service creation, and improvement. Public
health medicine extends beyond the confines of the traditional healthcare
system. A spectrum of interventions focused at the environment, human behaviour
and lifestyle, and medical care are used in the public health paradigm. Public health focuses
on illness prevention, whereas medicine focuses
on individual prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. A systematic approach to
clarify, prioritise, and justify various courses of public healthPublic Health Medicine, Ethics and Law action
based on ethical principles, stakeholder values and beliefs, and scientific and
other information is known as public health ethics.
Aging is a
natural process that begins in early adulthood and continues throughout life.
Many bodily functions begin to deteriorate in early middle age. People do not
reach a certain age when they become old or elderly. Changes in dynamic
biological, psychological, physiological, environmental, behavioural, and
social processes are all linked to ageing. The ageing population puts more
strain on the public health systemAnti-aging Medicine and public health, as well as medical and social services. Chronic
diseases, which disproportionately impact older people, contribute to
disability, lowered quality of life, and higher health- and long-term-care
expenses. Aging and Public Health session strives to improve the health and
quality of life of older adults by advancing the scientific basis of knowledge
and action.
Impact of Dietary Restriction on Aging, Herbal supplements Dietary restriction
(DR), a reduction in food intake without malnutrition, increases most aspects
of health during aging and extends lifespan in diverse species, including
rodents. However, the mechanisms by which DR interacts with the aging process
to improve health in old age are poorly understood. DNA methylation could play
an important role in mediating the effects of DR because it is sensitive to the
effects of nutrition and can affect gene expression memory over time.
Reconstructive surgery is a term
with training, clinical, and reimbursement implications. It has historically
been referred to as synonymous with plastic surgeryCosmetic Reconstructive surgery. In regard to training, Plastic Surgery is a recognized medical specialty and a
surgeon can be a "board-certified" plastic surgeon by the American
Board of Plastic Surgery. However, reconstructive surgery is not a specialty and there are
no board-certified reconstructive surgeons. More accurately, reconstructive
surgery should be contrasted with cosmetic surgery. Reconstructive surgery is performed to Improve/restore
to normal function. Restore to a normal appearance of "abnormal" or
"malformed" body parts caused by the disease or condition and/or
improve the patient's quality of life.